The Psychological Contract Violation - 1374 Words

The psychological contract is an important topic of discussion in the field of HRM, and a large body of literature has been devoted to understand the nature of the psychological contract in more depth. It can be defined as ones unwritten expectations, values, and promises made between the employee and the organisation (Sturges et al. 2005). This literature review will critique and analyse a number of articles focusing on psychological contract violation. Violation arises when promised agreements and obligations are unmet leaving a taste of dissatisfaction and a sense of breach in trust and loyalty. Robinson Rousseau (1994) postulated, â€Å"employees initially hold unrealistic expectations and when these expectations go unmet, employees may become less satisfied, perform less well, and become more likely to leave their employer† (Rousseau 1994, pp. 247). Therefore, it is crucial to gain a better understanding of how of how it develops and solutions to contract violation as it can have a detrimental impact on ones emotions and wellbeing. In a research article by Morrison Robinson (1997) the importance of how psychological contract violation develops is discussed in detail. The purpose of their paper was to emphasise how the betrayal of ones promises occurs and to identify what factors contribute to this occurrence using a model, which they developed called the sense-making process. Two interesting ideas were presented in their model, incongruence with ones perception of aShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Psychological Contract1645 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially the psychological contract. This leads to the situation wherein unrealistic self-assessment of performance by an employee can often lead to violation of the Psychological contract, thus I strongly agree that an unrealistic self assessment by an employee is capable of breaking a psychological contract. This essay predominantly aims at reviewing the essentials of a psychological contract such as the definition, the difference between ‘relational’ a nd ‘transactional’ psychological contracts, violationRead MorePsychological Contract in the 21st Century1301 Words   |  6 Pages‘What is the psychological contract?’ Examine to what extent it is applicable in the 21st century. Name: Lin, Lina Linda Tutor’s name:Catherine Tsai Date:11/08/2011 Word count:963. Psychological Contract is an abstract contract that affects both employers and employees, a subtle contract without speaking or writing, contains assumptions and expectations from each party towards the other (Rousseau 1989). Compared to the past centuries, people tend to change jobs frequently and pay moreRead MoreRelationship Between Layoffs And Voluntary Turnover1417 Words   |  6 Pagesaccompanied with this theory: psychological spillover and occupational underemployment. Psychological Spillover. This implies that a layoff experience gives a looser tie to the subsequent employment, which means that an individual feels psychological contract violations and amplified feelings of distrust, job insecurity, and he or she pays a greater attention to external job opportunities. These are all factors that can potentially lead to voluntary turnover. A psychological contract is â€Å"the reciprocal exchangeRead MoreHistory and Definitions of the Concept of Pyschological Contract2700 Words   |  11 Pagesthe Concept: The notion of the psychological contract was first coined by Argyris (1960) to refer to employer and employee expectations of the employment relationship, i.e. mutual obligations, values, expectations and aspirations that operate over and above the formal contract of employment. Since then there have been many attempts to develop and refine this concept. Historically, the concept can be viewed as an extension of philosophical concepts of social c ontract theory (Schein, 1980; RoehlingRead MoreThe Impacts of an Employers Breech of Psychological Contract1422 Words   |  6 Pagesinterviews then finally receiving your employment letter and signing of ‘employment contract.’ This employment contract, as defined by businessdictionary.com is an oral or written, express or implied, agreement specifying terms and conditions under which a person consents to perform certain duties as directed and controlled by an employer in return for an agreed upon wage or salary. On the other hand, psychological contract consists of employee’s expectations about what they owe their employers suchRead MoreManaging The Psychological Contract And The Challenges Associated With Doing2549 Words   |  11 Pagesimportance of ‘managing’ the psychological contract and the challenges associated with doing so. This essay will critically discuss the importance of ‘managing’ the psychological contract and the challenges associated with doing so in context of the contemporary employment relationship. It will analyze the literature produced over the years in this topic area, finally coming to a conclusion about what should be done and also any future plans. The psychological contract is the exchange relationshipRead MoreWhat Is Trust And Evaluate Why Trust?1643 Words   |  7 Pagesinterest (Alfes, Shantz, and Truss). Additionally, the psychological contract that focuses on the exchange of perceived promises and commitments has been increasingly in use in studying employment relationship. Herroit and Pemberton (1997) defined psychological contract as the perceptions of both organisation and individual relationship of the mutual promises and obligations implied in the relationship. Not only does the management of psychological contract face issues of the way to conceptualise and manageRead MoreBehavioral And Psychological Behavior Of Becoming A Prisoner Or Prison Guard Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesa physiological experiment to observe the behavioral and psychological behavior of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. This study took place in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford University in 1971. The basement was rearra nged to have three cells, a guard’s room, closet, and warden’s office. Philip Zimbardo was the psychologist in charge of the study and had help from Carlo Prescott, an ex-convict. There are many violations of the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologist present inRead MoreReasoning Skills for Leaders1699 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent programs emphasis listening (Clawson 2006, 27). Observing these changes prompted Hettenhouse (1998, 48) to remark, â€Å"This is an exciting time to be involved in MBA education†. REFERENCES Anderson, N. and Schalk, R. 1998. The Psychological Contract in Retrospect and Prospect. Journal of Organizational Behavior. Vol 19(Special Issue): 637-647 Clawson, J.G. 2006. Level Three Leadership: Getting Below the Surface (3rd Edition). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Deutchman, A. 1991Read MoreWhy is the Psychological Contract Important to the Organization?2054 Words   |  9 Pagesdevelopment. Hence, the appearance of psychological contract is one of the most effective tools to help the organisation improve their HRM issues. However, it also has some challenges for the manager to overcome. Therefore, the main aim of this essay is to analyse the importance of the psychological contract in many aspects and support more evidences and experiences to support employers’ view in managing people. Psychological contract is the unwritten contract that illustrates a set of expectations

The Theory Of Crime And Criminal Behavior Essay - 1624 Words

Humans are complicated creatures. I proclaim that we are innately curious about everything. What, why, how, when are questions that constantly circulate in our minds. These questions then encourage us, naturally, to search for the answers. This is true in the area of crime and criminal behavior as well. Criminological theory attempts to describe why and how crime transpires by studying the countless social factors that influence someone to commit crimes. These theories are then supposed to explain both the understandings and roots of crime. Abstract outlooks offer an image of what something is and the best way of addressing that particular subject. In this section of the course we have explored different author’s sociological perspectives in the realm of theory. Each aim to explain why people engage in crime, but I will focus my attention on anomie/strain theories. First, I will provide a short summary of Merton’s anomie theory, Messner and Rosenfeld’s institutio nal-anomie theory and Agnew’s general strain theory. Next, I will take some time to highlight the strength or usefulness of the theories, with some critique, but mostly focusing on the positive value. Lastly, I will use the biological example of William Freeman and explain how the strain theory is directly relational. As a predecessor, it is important to explain the historical context of biological theories of crime to further understanding in the region of anomie/strain theories. The Rafter articles offer anShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior2300 Words   |  10 Pagesvarious aspects of crime and criminal behavior (Walsh Hemmens 2014). The scientific method often used in criminology, allows theories to be developed that relate to crime. These theories about crime are intended to explain certain crime facts. A theory is a set of logically connected prepositions explaining and predicting a phenomena (Walsh Hemmens 2014). A number of hypotheses can be derived and tested using a developed theory. Thus, these hypotheses can be tested in the criminal justice systemRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior1493 Words   |  6 Pagesdrawing up on three different criminological theories and how they can explain crime and criminal behaviour differently. There is no un iversal definition of crime that gives a simple and straight forward definition. Crime is a constantly changing idea that changes due to the persons perceptions of what they would classify as ‘crime’ and what is regarded as criminal behaviour (crime and criminology). There is also no straightforward way of explaining what criminal behaviour is, as it can be something thatRead MoreCrime And Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay1920 Words   |  8 PagesCriminality or criminal behaviour has long been the subject of great interest within psychology, captivating the interest of psychologists from all different perspectives (Hollin, 2013; Putwain Sammons, 2013). Due to this, there are many approaches to criminality and theories of criminal behaviour that have been supported by empirical evidence, which provide insightful, but different explanations of this psychology phenomenon (Eysenck, 2013; Hollin, 2013; Putwain Sammons, 2013). In spite of thisRead MoreThe Biological And P sychological Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior1764 Words   |  8 PagesCrime is adaptation to life stress. It is best understood in terms of the manner in which the individual experiences the biological, psychological and socially determined situations of his existence. (Halleck, 1967, p. 63) The modern police department was born out of urban mob violence that tormented the nation’s cities during the nineteenth century. The new police departments were replacements for the night-watch systems and relegated constables and sheriffs to serving court orders and running jailsRead MoreThe Strain Theory Of Criminal Behavior And Is A Breakdown Of Why People Commit Crimes1633 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: Strain Theory Stain Theory Keisha Harris Valdosta State University The strain theory explains the criminal behavior and is a breakdown of why people commit crimes. The theory was developed by an American Sociologist Robert K. Merton (1910-2003). Merton believed that the society influences deviance and plays a huge role in criminals committing crimes. Emile Durkheim (1858-1957) presented the earliest version of the strain theory. He believed that well-built societiesRead MoreThe Major Theories Of Criminal Behavior And The Impact Of Crime On Victims And Society1580 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology of Human and Criminal Behaviour Describing and Evaluating the Major Theories of Cause of Criminal Behaviour and the Impact of Crime on Victims and Society London Foundation campus 1. Introduction Akers Sellers (2013) noted that there are various common theories that are pertinent to the study of crime as the extents of crime explanations range from the genetic/biological through to the economic and social perspective. Howitt (2012) divided these theories into four categories:Read MoreTheories on Crime1253 Words   |  5 PagesTheories on Crime: The field of criminology is basically described as the study of crime through which the causes, prevention, and correction of offenses are examined. While this process can be extremely difficult, especially for students, the analysis of the causes of crime is significant to sociology and criminology. The difficulties associated with the study of crime originate from the numerous challenges in developing theories that explain human behavior. In relation to crime, human behaviorRead MoreCriminal Behavior And The Criminal Acts1115 Words   |  5 Pagescommit criminal acts. Criminal behavior has been studied for many years and theories have been suggested as to this very topic. Criminal behavior is when an individual commits a criminal act. A criminal act constitutes the violation of breaking the law. Criminal behavior can be linked to many crimes like organized crime along with misdemeanors and felonies (Jones, 2005). Burglaries are no exception when it comes to criminal behavior. Burglaries consist of either violent or non-violent and crimes againstRead MoreEssay on Theory of Criminal Behavior1000 Words   |  4 Pages0 Introduction Crime depicts any act or omission that is prohibited by the public law. On the same note, behavior is a function which has measurable differences in psychological characteristics among individuals (Brennan-Galvin, 2002). Such characteristics may be influenced by constitutional, personality attributes, and neurophysiologic or genetics factors. Likewise, criminal behavior is the commission of acts which in their situational and social settings are considered crimes due to the fact thatRead MoreTheories of Crime Comparison1157 Words   |  5 PagesTheories on Crime Comparison Angelika L. Arnold AJS/542 May 20, 2013 Marcela Morales Theories on Crime Comparison For several years, theorists have come to the conclusion that people commit crimes for several different

Aristotle Free Essays

The study question †¢Translate and/or explain the following terms: aesity, arete, endoxa, ergon, eudaimonia, peccatum, telos, virtus, vitium – Arete: Greek for virtue, or excellence – Virtus and vitium: Latin for virtue and vice – Endoxon (endoxa): Greek, reputable opinion(s) †¢Ergon: Greek, function/characteristic activity – †¢Eudaimonia: Greek, happiness, well being †¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Peccatum: Latin, sin †¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Telos: Greek, end, aim †¢Discuss and/or apply the following concepts: doctrine of the mean, the endoxic method, the function argument, omnipotence The Endoxic Method- reputable opinions for ex. Happiness as uniquely human, as under our control, as requiring activity. The Function Argument-To know whether P is a good instance of its kind, you need to know the function (ergon) of P ? A virtue/excellence (arete) of P is a characteristic P needs in order to fulfill its function. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Doctrine of the mean-1. For any given situation, there is a specific affectation appropriate to it, e. g. , desire, anger, fear, confidence, envy, joy, pity, etc. 2. For any given affectation, one can exhibit it either too much, too little, or in the appropriate amount 3. The virtuous person always exhibits an affectation in the appropriate amount. -for ex. Truthfulness: virtue regarding telling the truth about oneself? Defect: self-depreciating Excess: phony omnipotence- all power and unlimited power †¢Distinguish goods that are, according to Aristotle, valued for the sake of other things, valued for their own sake, and valued for their own sake and for the sake of other things you want some things that gets you other stuff. or example money so its a sake for other things. valued for own sake-having a yacht gives you pleasure but then enjoying it with more friends and travel the world and give you more pleasure. the one good. happiness is the one thing that every one wants and is valued for its own sake. e †¢That which is valued only for its own sake and for whose sake everything else is desired †¢That which is valued for its own sake and for the sake of other things †¢That which is valued only for the sake of other things Discuss why Aristotle rejects conventional views that identify happiness with pleasure, honor, and virtue, and what he thinks this tells us about the nature of happiness Aristotle rejects three common conceptions of happiness—pleasure, honor, and wealth. Happiness, he says, cannot be identified with any of these things (even though all three may be part of an overall happy life). Pleasure, he says, is found in satisfying desires—but whether or not we can satisfy our desires is as much up to chance as it is up to us. †¢The life of pleasure. Problem: the life fit for a pig †¢The life of honor. Problem: not under our control †¢The life of virtue. Problem: compatible with inaction †¢Distinguish between psychological, somatic, and external goods, explaining how they contribute to Aristotle’s conception of happiness External goods- attractiveness, wealth.. Psychological Goods- mental health.. Somatic goods- â€Å"Nonetheless, happiness evidently needs external goods to be added, as we said, since we cannot, or cannot easily, do fine actions if we lack the resources. For, first of all, in many actions we use friends, wealth, and political power just as we use instruments. Further, deprivation of certain things —for instance, good birth, good children, beauty— mars our blessedness. For we do not altogether have the character of happiness if we look utterly repulsive or are ill-born, solitary, or childless; and we have it even less, presumably, if our children or friends are totally bad, or were good but have died †¢Discuss the roles of habituation and right reason in Aristotle’s analysis of virtuous action function of human beings is knowledge and it what eparates from animals. virtuous action is what a rational person who acts for the right reason. but you also have to feel the correct emotions and feelings to do virtuous actions and be properly affected which means that you find the right things pleasant. and wants to do the right thing. so if you don’t feel like you want to give money to homeless and still give it it does not count as a virtous thing. the teachers ice cream technique- don’t want to do it but do it for ice cream but over time the kids want to do it because it is the virtuous thing to do. Identify and describe Aristotle’s three requirements for friendship and his three different kinds of friendship Pleasure-friendships- Most common among theyoung, fades easily utility-friendships,- most common among the old and also fades easily. character-friendships- You love a person because of the good qualities she or he possesses. genuine friendship. †¢Explain what Aristotle means when he claims that friends are â€Å"second selves† â€Å"A friend is a second self, so that our consciousness of a friend’s existence†¦ makes us more fully conscious of our own existence. and Friendly relations with one’s neighbors, and the marks by which friendships are defined, seem to have proceeded from a man’s relation with himself. For men think a f riend is one who wishes well and does what is good, or seems so, for the sake of his friend, or one who wishes his friend to exist and live, for his sake† †¢Explain why Aquinas thinks God’s existence is self-evident, why it nonetheless may not be evident to us, and how Aquinas thinks God’s existence can be made evident Not every human realizes the existence of god. †¢Examples of self-evident propositions: A pig is an animal; a bachelor is an unmarried male †¢Being self-evident in itself versus self-evident to us †¢Aquinas: â€Å"I maintain that God exists is self-evident in itself since its subject and predicate are identical†¦[but] the proposition is not self-evident to us† (197). †¢Question 02: can God’s existence be made evident? †¢Perhaps God’s existence is an article of faith, not of reason †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"There are two types of demonstration: those that argue from cause to effect†¦and those that arg ue from effect to cause† (198). †¢Hitting a pool ball, pressing the ‘on’ button, hand on the stove So, from what effects do we infer God’s existence? †¢God’s effects in the world, Mozart and his music †¢Understand Aquinas’ ‘unmoved mover’ and ‘teleological’ arguments for the existence of God and articulate at least one objection to each Argument one of five: the unmoved mover (200). Everything has a cause, but causes can’t go on infinitely. The first uncaused cause is God. Objections: why must it be God? Maybe time is infinite? Telos: the end toward which a thing strives. Everything in nature has a telos. If a thing is non-intelligent, some intelligence must give it its telos. Objection: nature is not telonic in this way †¢Discuss why the question ‘can God create a stone that God cannot lift? ’ is said to be paradoxical and how Aquinas tries to resolve the paradox †¢The paradox of omnipotence: can God create a stone he cannot lift? †¢If God can, there is something God cannot do, i. e. , lift the stone †¢If God cannot, there is something God cannot do, i. e. , create the stone †¢If there is something God cannot do, God is not omnipotent †¢Therefore, God is not omnipotent †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"So we conclude that God’s power extends to anything possible in itself and not implying contradiction. Clearly then God is called omnipotent because he can do everything possible in itself. † (p. 249). because if god cannot lift the the stone he created, he is not omintipitent and also if he cannot create that he cannot lift therefore he is not omnipotent so either way god is not omnipotent so aquinas says that god creates certain laws in the universe that he himself cannot break which is considered absolute possibility and relativee possibility is what he can change. †¢Explain what Aquinas means when he claims evil does not exist because evil does not exit because evil is absence of happiness Understand the weak and strong versions of the problem of evil and discuss Aquinas’ solution to the problem Strong version of the problem †¢If an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good God exists, then evil does not exist †¢Evil exists †¢Therefore, an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good God does not exist Weak version of the problem †¢Evil exists †¢T he non-existence of God is a more plausible explanation of evil than is the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good God †¢Therefore, it’s more plausible that God does not exist If an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good God exists, then evil does not exist Aquinas’ answer to the problem of evil †¢Why is there evil and sin in thet world? †¢Evil is the necessary result of freedom of the will †¢Thus, God does not command sin, God permits sin †¢Does God cause evil and sin? †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"God is responsible for sinful actions but not for sins† 296 †¢Distinguish Aquinas’ conceptions of eternal, natural, and human law †¢Human law †¢Quoting Cicero: â€Å"laws start with what nature produces, then by use of reason certain things become customs, and finally things produced by nature and tested by custom are sanctified with†¦the weight of laws† (420). Eternal law †¢God as divine legislator: â₠¬Å"Clearly†¦the entire community of the universe is governed by God’s reason† (417). †¢Divine providence: ordering of the universe toward good †¢Natural law †¢Non-moral sense: laws of nature. †¢Moral sense: guides the actions of animals †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Since everything subjected to God’s providence is measured by the standards of his eternal law, as we have said, everything shares in some way in the eternal law, bearing its imprint in the form of a natural tendency to pursue the behavior and goals appropriate to it. Reasoning creatures are subject to God’s providence is a special, more profound way than others by themselves sharing in the planning† (418). Eternal law is identical to the mind of God as seen by God himself. It can be called law because God stands to the universe which he creates as a ruler does to a community which he rules. When God’s reason is considered as it is understood by God Himself, i. e. in its unchanging, eternal nature (q91, a1) , it is eternal law. How to cite Aristotle, Essay examples

Bat Varies Its Heart Rate From Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Avoid Starving, This Bat Varies Its Heart Rate From 1000 To 200 Beats Per Minute. Answer: Journal Entry In this article, Pennisi (2017) explains how bats in Panama alter their physiology to survive in the harsh environment. The bats in this environment have limited food resources and are forced to fly long distances in search of fig juice. The flying process requires the bats to utilize the food stored in their bodies to generate energy. However, eco-physiologists discovered that the bats in Panama possess a unique ability that allows them to survive in this harsh condition. The scientists discovered that the bats drastically lower their heartbeat rates when resting to minimize food breakdown. In this study, scientists noted that the bats lowered their heartbeat rates from 1066 beats per minute when flying to 200 when resting. According to the scientists, this alteration in heartbeat rates save the bats approximately 10% of daily energy. Extensive research has been done on humans on in the area of ecophysiology. However, scientists have been reluctant to extend these efforts to wild animal particularly bats. Initially, I only knew that bats lower their food utilization capacities when hibernating. In fact, this ability applies to almost all animal. According to Klg-Baerwald, Gower, Lausen, and Brigham (2016), bats save energy during winters by minimizing their activities by hibernating. However, I never thought that bats could also alter their heartbeat rates like humans to reduce food and energy loss. I assumed that the bats would survive this hostile environment by reducing their daily activities but not through heartbeat alterations. However, the scientists should also examine if this adjustment in the heartbeat rates by the bats affect other key physiological processes like excretion. I would also like to know if the same applies to other bird species apart from bats. Moreover, I would like to know if this reduce d heartbeat rates in bats are lower than when they are hibernating. The ability of the bats to alter their heartbeat rates like humans was the most surprising revelation in this article. In fact, Pennnisi (2017) notes that this revelation also surprised the scientists who were involved in the research process. Additionally, I was surprised that the bats lowered their heartbeat rates by almost five times without dying. In humans, a slow heartbeat rate results in Bradycardia which causes death. In this respect, it is surprising how these bats survive with such a slow heartbeat rate. This revelation made me believe that there is a significant difference between the bats physiology with that of humans. The findings of this research imply that more studies are likely to be carried out in other birds in the future. Scientists will probably want to establish if this ability is unique to the bats in Panama or it is universal to all bat species in the world. References Klg-Baerwald, B. J., Gower, L. E., Lausen, C. L., Brigham, R. M. (2016). Environmental correlates and energetics of winter flight by bats in southern Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 94(12), 829-836. Pennisi, E. (2017, September 22). To avoid starving, this bat varies its heart rate from 1000 to 200 beats per minute. Retrieved from Science: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/09/avoid-starving-bat-varies-its-heart-rate-1000-200-beats-minute